PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS

 *Corresponding author; TOC pictures highlight papers with Chuanbo being the first or corresponding author. 

 

2021

70. Zhixue Zhang,† Miao Xie,† Zhaojun Liu, Yiming Lu, Shumeng Zhang, Moxuan Liu, Kai Liu, Tao Cheng* and Chuanbo Gao*, Ultrathin Pt-Cu-Ni ternary alloy nanowires with multimetallic interplay for boosted methanol oxidation activity, ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2021, doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c00952. Fulltext

 

69. Moxuan Liu†, Miao Xie†, Yilan Jiang, Zhaojun Liu, Yiming Lu, Shumeng Zhang, Zhixue Zhang, Xiaoxiao Wang, Kai Liu, Qing Zhang, Tao Cheng*, and Chuanbo Gao*, Core-shell nanoparticle with tensile strain enables highly efficient electrochemical ethanol oxidation, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2021, 9, 15373-15380. Fulltext

68. Juan Ge, Yannan Li, Min Wang, Chuanbo Gao, Shuanying Yang, Bo Lei*, Engineering conductive antioxidative antibacterial nanocomposite hydrogel scaffolds with oriented channels promotes structure-functional skeletal muscle regeneration, Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 425, 130333. Fulltext

 

67. Dawei Ding,* Hu Wu, Xiaoping He, Fan Yang, Chuanbo Gao,* Yadong Yin, and Shujiang Ding*, A metal nanoparticle assembly with broadband absorption and suppressed thermal radiation for enhanced solar steam generation, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2021, 9, 11241-11247.  Fulltext

66. Shumeng Zhang, Kai Liu, Zhaojun Liu, Moxuan Liu, Zhixue Zhang, Zhun Qiao, Liang Ming, and Chuanbo Gao*, Highly strained Au-Ag-Pd alloy nanowires for boosted electrooxidation of biomass-derived alcohols, Nano Letters, 2021, 21, 2, 1074–1082. Fulltext


 

2020

65. Moxuan Liu, Shumeng Zhang, Zhixue Zhang, Zhaojun Liu, Kai Liu, and Chuanbo Gao*, Sulfite modification of platinum nanoparticles modulates electrocatalytic formic acid oxidation activity, Green Chemistry, 2020, 22, 5838-5844. Fulltext

64. Chuanbo Gao†, Fenglei Lyu†, and Yadong Yin*, Encapsulated metal nanoparticles for catalysis, Chemical Reviews, 2021, 121, 2, 834-881. ESI hot paper ​​​​​​​ESI highly cited paper Cover  Fulltext

   

63.Hua Ma*, Xiaofang Liu, Chuanbo Gao, and Yadong Yin*, The calculated dielectric function and optical properties of bimetallic alloy nanoparticles, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2020, 124, 2721-2727. Fulltext

 

62. Qikui Fan†, Hao Yang†, Juan Ge, Shumeng Zhang, Zhaojun Liu, Bo Lei, Tao Cheng, Youyong Li, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Customizable ligand exchange for tailored surface property of noble metal nanocrystals, Research, 2020, 2131806. Fulltext  Research官方微信号报道

 

2019

61. Na Li*, Pingping Wei, Linan Yu, Junyi Ji, Jiupeng Zhao, Chuanbo Gao, Yao Li*, Yadong Yin*, Dynamically switchable multicolor electrochromic films, Small, 2019, 15, 1804974. Fulltext

 

60. Qi-Kui Fan, Ting-Zhuo Liu, Hou-Shen Li, Shu-Meng Zhang, Kai Liu, and Chuan-Bo Gao*, Gold/oxide heterostructured nanoparticles for enhanced SERS sensitivity and reproducibility, Rare Metals, 2019, DOI: 10.1007/s12598-018-01199-7. Fulltext Invited Contribution

59. Dawei Ding, Kai Liu, Qikui Fan, Bitao Dong, Yang Zhang, Yadong Yin, Chuanbo Gao*, and Shujiang Ding*, Nickel nanoparticles individually encapsulated in densified ceramic shells for thermally stable solar energy absorption, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7, 3039-3045.  Front Cover Paper  Fulltext

  

 

2018

58. Hongpo Liu, Kai Liu, Ping Zhong, Jing Qi, Jihong Bian, Qikui Fan, Kui Ren, Haoquan Zheng, Lu Han, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Ultrathin Pt-Ag alloy nanotubes with regular nanopores for enhanced electrocatalytic activity, Chemistry of Materials, 2018, 30, 7744-7751.  Fulltext

57. Ji Feng, Chuanbo Gao*, and Yadong Yin*, Stabilization of noble metal nanostructures for catalysis and sensing, Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 20492-20504. Feature Article  Fulltext

56. Hongyu Zhao†, Siyu Yao†, Mengtao Zhang†, Fei Huang, Qikui Fan, Shumeng Zhang, Hongyang Liu*, Ding Ma*, and Chuanbo Gao*, Ultra-small platinum nanoparticles encapsulated in sub-50 nm hollow titania nanospheres for low-temperature water-gas shift reaction, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10, 36954-36960. Fulltext

55. Kai Liu, Hongpo Liu, Qikui Fan, Shumeng Zhang, Zhaojun Liu, Lu Han, Houshen Li, and Chuanbo Gao*, Solid-to-hollow conversion of silver nanocrystals by surface-protected etching, Chemistry–A European Journal, 2018, 24, 19038-19044.  Hot Paper  Fulltext

54. Shumeng Zhang, Lei Zhang, Zhaojun Liu, Moxuan Liu, Qikui Fan, Kai Liu, and Chuanbo Gao*, Robust synthesis of ultrathin Au-Ag nanowires as a high-surface-area, synergistic substrate for constructing efficient Pt-based catalysts, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6, 22161-22169. Emerging Investigators Themed Issue  Fulltext

53. Qikui Fan, Kai Liu, Ji Feng, Fumin Wang, Zhaojun Liu, Moxuan Liu, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Building high-density Au-Ag islands on Au nanocrystals by partial surface passivation, Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28, 1803199.  Fulltext   XJTU News   8月22日第三版（中国科技网报道地方要闻）

 

52. Zhaojun Liu, Jing Qi, Moxuan Liu, Shumeng Zhang, Qikui Fan, Hongpo Liu, Kai Liu, Haoquan Zheng, Yadong Yin*, and Chuanbo Gao*, Aqueous synthesis of ultrathin platinum/non-noble metal alloy nanowires for enhanced hydrogen evolution activity, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2018, 57, 11678-11682. Fulltext  材料人导读  研之成理   XJTU News   8月10日第四版（中国科技网科技新闻 地方要闻）

51. Juan Ge†, Kai Liu†, Wen Niu, Mi Chen, Min Wang, Yumeng Xue, Chuanbo Gao, Peter X. Ma,  Bo Lei*, Gold and gold-silver alloy nanoparticles enhance the myogenic differentiation of myoblasts through p38 MAPK signaling pathway and promote in vivo skeletal muscle regeneration, Biomaterials, 2018, 175, 19-29. Fulltext

 

50. Shumeng Zhang†, Lei Zhang†, Kai Liu, Moxuan Liu, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Digestive ripening in the formation of monodisperse silver nanospheres, Materials Chemistry Frontiers, 2018, 2, 1328-1333.  ​​​​​​​ Materials Chemistry Frontiers HOT articles for 2018 Fulltext

49. Hongpo Liu, Ping Zhong, Kai Liu, Lu Han, Haoquan Zheng, Yadong Yin*, and Chuanbo Gao*,Synthesis of ultrathin platinum nanoplates for enhanced oxygen reduction activity, Chemical Science, 2018, 9, 398-404. Fulltext ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ Most popular 2018-2019 energy articles 

​​​​​​​ Most Impactful Nanoscience Articles

​​​​​​​

 

48. Xin Wang†, Licheng Bai, Hongyan Liu, Xuefeng Yu, Yadong Yin*, and Chuanbo Gao*, A unique disintegration-reassembly route to mesoporous titania nanocrystalline hollow spheres with enhanced photocatalytic activity, Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28, 1704208. Fulltext

  

47. Hongyu Zhao, Fan Zhang, Shumeng Zhang, Shengnan He, Fei Shen, Xiaogang Han*, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Scalable synthesis of sub-100 nm hollow carbon nanospheres for energy storage applications, Nano Research, 2018, 11, 1822-1833. Fulltext

  

2017

46. Lei Zhang, Xiao Sha, Qikui Fan, Lu Han, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Gold nanoshurikens with uniform sharp tips for chemical sensing by the localized surface plasmon resonance, Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 17037-17043. Fulltext

 

45. Yaocai Bai, Chuanbo Gao, and Yadong Yin*, Fully alloyed Ag/Au nanorods with tunable surface plasmon resonance and high chemical stability, Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 14875-14880. Fulltext 

 

44. Guoqing Wang, Yiding Liu, Chuanbo Gao*, Lei Guo, Miaofang Chi, Kuniharu Ijiro, Mizuo Maeda, and Yadong Yin*, Island growth in the seed-mediated overgrowth of monometallic colloidal nanostructures, Chem, 2017, 3,  678-690. Fulltext   X-Mol News

 

43. Lei Zhang, Qikui Fan, Xiao Sha, Ping Zhong, Jie Zhang, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Self-assembly of noble metal nanoparticles into sub-100 nm colloidosomes with collective optical and catalytic properties, Chemical Science, 2017, 8, 6103-6110. Fulltext 

42. Qikui Fan, Kai Liu, Zhaojun Liu, Hongpo Liu, Lei Zhang, Ping Zhong, and Chuanbo Gao*, A ligand-exchange route to noble metal nanocrystals with a clean surface for enhanced optical and catalytic properties,Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 2017, 34,1700075. Invited Contribution  Inside Front Cover Paper    Fulltext   Advanced Science News

 

41. Licheng Bai, Shumeng Zhang, Qiang Chen*, and Chuanbo Gao*, Synthesis of ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles on polymer nanoshells for size-dependent catalytic oxidation reactions, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2017, 9, 9710–9717. Fulltext

40. Ping Zhong, Hongpo Liu, Jie Zhang, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Controlled synthesis of octahedral platinum-based mesocrystals by oriented aggregation, Chemistry - A European Journal 2017, 23, 6803–6810. Hot Paper   Back Cover Paper  Fulltext

  

39. Meng Yu, Bo Lei*, Chuanbo Gao, Jin Yan, and Peter X. Ma*, Optimizing surface-engineered ultra-small gold nanoparticles for highly efficient miRNA delivery to enhance osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stromal cells. Nano Research 2017, 10, 49–63. Fulltext

 

2016

38. Licheng Bai, Xin Wang, Qiang Chen*, Yifan Ye, Haoquan Zheng, Jinghua Guo, Yadong Yin*, and Chuanbo Gao*, Explaining the size dependence in platinum-nanoparticle-catalyzed hydrogenation reactions, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2016, 55, 15656–15661.  Hot Paper Fulltext  XJTU News  X-MOL News

37. Xinyu Wei, Qikui Fan, Hongpo Liu, Yaocai Bai, Lei Zhang, Haoquan Zheng, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Holey Au-Ag alloy nanoplates with built-in hotspots for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, Nanoscale 2016, 8, 15689–15695.  Fulltext 

 

36. Kai Liu, Yaocai Bai, Lei Zhang, Zhongbo Yang, Qikui Fan, Haoquan Zheng, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Porous Au-Ag nanospheres with high-density and highly accessible hotspots for SERS analysis, Nano Letters 2016, 16, 3675–3681.  Fulltext   XJTU News    SPIE Newsroom Report   X-MOL News  ESI hot paper & highly cited paper

35. Hongyu Zhao, Dawei Wang, Chuanbo Gao*, Hongyang Liu*, Lu Han, and Yadong Yin*, Ultrafine platinum/iron oxide nanoconjugates confined in silica nanoshells for highly-durable catalytic oxidation, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2016, 4, 1366–1372. Fulltext

34. Xin Wang, Qipeng Lu, Xuefei Wang, Jibong Joo, Michael Dahl, Bo Liu*, Chuanbo Gao*, and Yadong Yin*, Photocatalytic surface-initiated polymerization on TiO2 toward well-defined composite nanostructures. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2016, 8, 538–546. Fulltext

 

 

2015 

33. Hongpo Liu, Tingzhuo Liu, Lei Zhang, Lu Han, Chuanbo Gao*, and Yadong Yin*, Etching-free epitaxial growth of gold on silver nanostructures for high chemical stability and plasmonic activity, Advanced Functional Materials 2015, 25, 5435–5443.  Back Cover Paper    Fulltext   XJTU News   MaterialsViews China News  Science Foundation in China  AFM Hot Article 08/2015 & 09/2015  第四版

    

32. Lei Zhang, Tingzhuo Liu, Kai Liu, Lu Han, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Gold nanoframes by nonepitaxial growth of Au on AgI nanocrystals for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Nano Letters 2015, 15, 4448–4454. Fulltext  XJTU News   X-MOL News

31. Ran Su, Yajing Shen, Linglong Li, Dawei Zhang, Guang Yang, Chuanbo Gao, and Yaodong Yang*, Silver modified nanosized ferroelectrics as a novel photocatalyst, Small 2015, 11, 202-207. Fulltext

 

2014

30. Dawei Ding, Kai Liu, Shengnan He, Chuanbo Gao*, and Yadong Yin*, Ligand-exchange assisted formation of Au/TiO2 Schottky contact for visible-light photocatalysis, Nano Letters 2014, 14, 6731-6736. Fulltext XJTU News ESI highly cited paper  

29. Tingting Zhang, Hongyu Zhao, Shengnan He, Kai Liu, Hongyang Liu*, Yadong Yin*, and Chuanbo Gao*, Unconventional route to encapsulated ultrasmall gold nanoparticles for high-temperature catalysis, ACS Nano 2014, 8, 7297-7304. Fulltext XJTU News  

 28. Chuanbo Gao,* Yongxing Hu, Mingsheng Wang, Miaofang Chi, and Yadong Yin*, Fully alloyed Ag/Au nanospheres: Combining the plasmonic property of Ag with the stability of Au, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2014, 136, 7474-7479.  Fulltext XJTU News  

   

 27. Xiaxia Liu, Linglong Li, Yaodong Yang, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, One-step growth of triangular silver nanoplates with predictable sizes on a large scale, Nanoscale 2014, 6, 4513-4516. Fulltext

 

 

2013

26. Mingsheng Wang, Chuanbo Gao, Le He, Qipeng Lu, Jinzhong Zhang, Chi Tang, Serkan Zorba, and Yadong Yin*, Magnetic tuning of plasmonic excitation of gold nanorods, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2013, 135, 15302-15305. Fulltext  

 
25. Xiaxia Liu, Yadong Yin, and Chuanbo Gao*, Size-tailored synthesis of silver quasi-nanospheres by kinetically controlled seeded growth, Langmuir 2013, 29, 10559-10565. Fulltext
 
 
 24. Chuanbo Gao, James Goebl, and Yadong Yin*, Seeded growth route to noble metal nanostructures, Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2013, 1, 3898−3909. Feature Article  Fulltext
 
 
 
 (Before Joining XJTU)
2012
23. Chuanbo Gao, Zhenda Lu, Ying Liu, Qiao Zhang, Miaofang Chi, Quan Cheng, Yadong Yin*, Highly stable silver nanoplates for surface plasmon resonance biosensing, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2012, 51, 5629-5633. Fulltext  ESI highly cited paper 
 
 
 
 22. Chuanbo Gao, John Vuong, Qiao Zhang, Yiding Liu, Yadong Yin*, One-step seeded growth of Au nanoparticles with widely tunable sizes, Nanoscale 2012, 4, 2875-2878. (Most Read Article) Fulltext
 
 
 
 
 2011
 21. Chuanbo Gao, Qiao Zhang, Zhenda Lu, Yadong Yin*, Templated synthesis of metal nanorods in silica nanotubes, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011, 133, 19706-19709. Fulltext
 
20. Chuanbo Gao, Zhenda Lu, Yadong Yin*, Gram-scale synthesis of silica nanotubes with controlled aspect ratios by templating of nickel-hydrazine complex nanorods, Langmuir 2011, 27, 12201-12208. (Most Read Article) Fulltext
 
 
19. Zhenda Lu, Chuanbo Gao, Qiao Zhang, Miaofang Chi, Jane Y. Howe, Yadong Yin*, Direct assembly of hydrophobic nanoparticles to multifunctional structures, Nano Letters 2011, 11, 3404-3412. Fulltext
 
 
18. Zhenda Lu, Lei Sun, Kevin Nguyen, Chuanbo Gao, Yadong Yin*, Formation mechanism and size control in one-pot synthesis of mercapto-Silica colloidal spheres, Langmuir 2011, 27, 3372-3380. Fulltext
 
 
17. Haoquan Zheng, Chuanbo Gao*, Baowei Peng, Shunai Che*, pH-Responsive drug delivery system based on coordination bonding in a mesostructured surfactant/silica hybrid, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2011, 115, 7230-7237.Fulltext
 
 
16. Lu Han, Qianru Chen, Yu Wang, Chuanbo Gao*, Shunai Che*, Synthesis of amino group functionalized monodispersed mesoporous silica nanospheres using anionic surfactant, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2011, 139, 94-103. Fulltext
 
 
15. Lu Han, Chuanbo Gao, Xiaowei Wu, Qianru Chen, Peng Shu, Zhiguang Ding, Shunai Che*, Anionic surfactants templating route for synthesizing silica hollow spheres with different shell porosity. Solid State Sciences, 2011, 13, 721-728. Fulltext
 

 

2010
14. Chuanbo Gao, Shunai Che*, Organically functionalized mesoporous silica by co-structure-directing route, Advanced Functional Materials 2010, 20, 2750-2768. (Feature Article) Fulltext
 
 
13. Chuanbo Gao, Haoquan Zheng, Lei Xing, Shunai Che*, Designable coordination bonding in mesopores as a pH-responsive system, Chemistry of Materials 2010, 22, 5437-5444. Fulltext
 
12. Qianru Chen, Lu Han, Chuanbo Gao, Shunai Che*, Synthesis of monodispersed mesoporous silica spheres (MMSSs) with controlled particle size using gemini surfactant. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2010, 128, 203-212. Fulltext
 
 
2009
11. Chuanbo Gao, Isabel Izquierdo-Barba, Ikuhiko Nakase, Shiroh Futaki*, Juanfang Ruan, Kasutami Sakamoto, Yasuhiro Sakamoto, Kazuyuki Kuroda, Osamu Terasaki*, Shunai Che*, Mesostructured silica based delivery system for a drug with a peptide as a cell-penetrating vector, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2009, 122, 201−207. Fulltext
 
10. Peng Shu, Juanfang Ruan, Chuanbo Gao, Huachun Li, Shunai Che*, Formation of mesoporous Co3O4 replicas of different mesostructures with different pore sizes, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2009, 123, 314-323. Fulltext
  
 
9. Runhuan Gong, Lu Han, Chuanbo Gao, Mouhai Shu, Shunai Che*, Molecular design of AEC tri-block anionic surfactant towards rational synthesis of targeted thick-walled mesoporous silica, Journal of Materials Chemistry 2009, 19, 3404-3411. Fulltext

 

2008
8. Chuanbo Gao, Yasuhiro Sakamoto, Osamu Terasaki, Shunai Che*, Formation of diverse mesophases templated by a diprotic anionic surfactant, Chemistry - A European Journal 2008, 14, 11423−11428. Fulltext
 
 7. Haiying Jin, Huibin Qiu, Chuanbo Gao, Shunai Che*, Synthetic design towards targeted chiral anionic surfactant templated chiral mesoporous silica, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2008, 116, 171−179. Fulltext
 
 
6. Haoquan Zheng, Chuanbo Gao, Shunai Che*, Amino and quaternary ammonium group functionalized mesoporous silica: An efficient ion-exchange method to remove anionic surfactant from AMS, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2008, 116, 299−307. Fulltext

 

2007
5. Chuanbo Gao, Yasuhiro Sakamoto, Osamu Terasaki, Kazutami Sakamoto, Shunai Che*, Molecular design of the surfactant and the co-structure-directing agent (CSDA) toward rational synthesis of targeted anionic surfactant templated mesoporous silica, Journal of Materials Chemistry 2007, 17, 3591−3602. Fulltext
 
 
4. Yasuhiro Sakamoto*, Chuanbo Gao, Shunai Che, Osamu Terasaki, TEM Studies of bicontinuous cubic mesoporous crystals, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 2007,165, 207-210.
 
2006
3. Chuanbo Gao, Shunai Che*, Anionic Surfactant Templated Mesoporous Silica (AMS), Acta Petrolei Sinica 2006, 22, 22-32.Fulltext
 
2. Chuanbo Gao, Huibin Qiu, Wei Zeng, Yasuhiro Sakamoto*, Osamu Terasaki, Kazutami Sakamoto, Qun Chen, Shunai Che*, Formation mechanism of anionic surfactant-templated mesoporous silica, Chemistry of Materials 2006, 18, 3904−3914. Fulltext
 
1. Chuanbo Gao, Yasuhiro Sakamoto*, Kazutami Sakamoto, Osamu Terasaki, Shunai Che*, Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous silica AMS-10 with bicontinuous cubic Pn-3m symmetry, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2006, 45, 4295-4298. Fulltext

PATENTS

1. 高传博、张树蒙，一种亲水且表面干净的单晶超细金银合金纳米线的快速合成方法，中国专利，专利号：201810798480.9，授权公告日：2020年8月28日。

2. 高传博、刘钊钧，一种铂-非贵金属合金纳米线及其水相合成方法和应用，中国专利，专利号：ZL201810764902.0，授权公告日：2020-7-28。

3. 高传博、白力诚、陈强，一种基于贵金属纳米粒子的有机加氢反应催化剂的制备方法，中国专利，专利号：ZL201610392443.9，授权公告日: 2018-9-4。

4. 高传博、刘红坡、殷亚东，一种基于外延生长的核-壳结构的银-金纳米片及其制备方法和应用，中国专利，专利号：ZL201510424180.0，授权公告日：2017-4-26。

5. Yadong Yin、Chuanbo Gao，Fully Alloyed Ag-Au Nanostructures，PCT专利，申请号：PCT/US2015/029687，公开号：US2017/0073796 A1，公开日期：2017-3-16。

6. Yadong Yin、Chuanbo Gao，Templated Synthesis of Metal Nanorods in Silica Nanotubes，美国PCT专利，申请号：PCT/US2012/065331，专利号：US9937556B2，授权日期：2018-4-10。

7. 车顺爱、郑浩铨、高传博、邢磊、舒谋海，基于配位键制备pH 响应的药物释放载体的制备方法，中国专利，专利号：2009103106204，授权公告日：2012-9-5。

8. 车顺爱、郑浩铨、高传博、彭保卫, 基于配位键的pH响应药物及其制备方法，中国专利，专利号: 2010102523602，授权公告日：2012-1-4。

9. 车顺爱、高传博、宫润欢，氧化硅介孔材料的制备方法，中国专利，专利号：2009100487331，授权公告日：2011-6-8。